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Gaming is a topic that everyone appears to like and it is definitely very huge in the youthful generation however no-one must be rushing into thinking that each one video games are going to be played by simply the kids in the world. There are women and men who play games however on an expert degree and really earn cash enjoying video games; it would sound unusual but really make can be produced from games at times. One of many greatest types of games which might be played for money will most likely be online video games, online gaming actually will possible be one form of gaming that hundreds will look to every year to make some money, and all that somebody will need is a pc and an web connection. Everybody should know that the web is huge, and it is increasing tremendously also which means that online gaming is turning into more and more in style as a outcome of the opportunity is great.
There are numerous totally different and very distinct variations between on-line video games and offline games; the biggest distinction is that on-line means a pc and web connection is required, whereas offline video games don?t require the internet. If there isn?t any online gaming software then it means the sport can be put in onto the computer and it could be performed; however with taking part in online video games, everybody will want to have a reliable web connection to avoid losing connection. In relation to on-line gaming, there are two different types ? non browser games and browser based mostly games. With the browser based mostly games, they are going to must be performed with the internet browser, nevertheless with a non browser sport; the only factor which is required is the web connection. They can additionally be split into certain classes ? paid and free games.
Free video games will probably be so tempting but an rising number of games are being played each without cost and paid rewards, sometimes the video games will work so that a participant will possible be competing against one other gamer or the pc in effect. Sometimes the gamers will seemingly be played by the pc and some won?t be, some say it is higher taking part in against an actual person because it?s extra competitive. Nevertheless, numerous games can turn addictive and they can hook lots of people; this can actually be somewhat dangerous as a outcome of many people will forget about their day after day lives and just persist with gaming. The truth is, they?re alleged to be enjoyable and solely leisure nevertheless; typically they transform a lot more critical than just recreational. When there could be even the slightest trace that someone is getting addicted, stop enjoying the video games and get them away from the pc as much as possible.
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You might think the POV / action sports camera world has been a bit of a two horse race recently. That could all change, however, now ION has muscled into the scene with its Air Pro HD sports camera. The firm's dabbled with handy cameras before, but now it's dipping a well armored toe into the helmet-cam market. Needless to say, that means it's rugged, waterproof, and built to eat dirt -- or at least capture the moments when you do.
Your action is scooped-up in full 1080p HD, and there's a 5-megapixel stills option for when you want to frame that killer jump for static posterity. The lens is a 170-degree wide-angle affair, you can change the FOV if you wish, but it's definitely enough to grab all the action. There's also no display on the device itself, but there's a reason for that: operating the Air Pro is a ridiculously straightforward task. With just one click you're recording, even if switched off. The two controls on top are all you need to get the essential jobs done with this device, a button for switching it on and off (and taking stills) and the sliding record switch -- this set-up also means you can physically feel if it's recording, even when you can't see it.
The rate of people getting melanoma of the skin or dying from melanoma of the skin varies by race and ethnicity.
Incidence Rates by Race/Ethnicity and Sex
"Incidence rate" means how many people out of a given number get the disease each year. The graph below shows how many people out of 100,000 got melanoma of the skin each year during the years 1999?2007. The year 2007 is the most recent year for which numbers have been reported. The melanoma of the skin incidence rate is grouped by race and ethnicity.
For example, you can see that white people had the highest incidence rate for melanoma of the skin. Hispanic and American Indian/Alaska Native people had the second highest rate of getting melanoma of the skin, followed by Asian/Pacific Islander and black people.
Melanoma of the Skin Incidence Rates* by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, U.S., 1999?2007
Incidence source:?Combined data from the National Program of Cancer Registries as submitted to CDC and from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program as submitted to the National Cancer Institute in November 2009. *Rates are per 100,000 persons and are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population (19 age groups ? Census P25-1130). Incidence rates cover approximately 89% of the U.S. population. ?Hispanic origin is not mutually exclusive from race categories (white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native).
Death Rates by Race/Ethnicity and Sex
From 1999?2007, the rate of people dying from melanoma of the skin has varied, depending on their race and ethnicity. The graph below shows that in 2007, white people were more likely to die of melanoma of the skin than any other group. Hispanic people had the second highest rate of deaths from melanoma of the skin, followed by black people.
Melanoma of the Skin Death Rates* by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, U.S., 1999?2007
Mortality source:?U.S. Mortality Files, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC. *Rates are per 100,000 persons and are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population (19 age groups ? Census P25-1130). Death rates cover 100% of the U.S. population. ?Hispanic origin is not mutually exclusive from race categories (white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native).
Ron Paul, Rick Santorum, Mitt Romney and Newt Gingrich, shown at a debate in Mesa, Arizona, last month, are shifting south.
STORY HIGHLIGHTS
Santorum held 16-point margin over Romney in poll in Louisiana, which votes Saturday
Rivals attack Santorum over remark that he'd just as soon keep Obama as elect Romney
Santorum says Romney campaign distorted his words
Gingrich says he has no plans to end his campaign any time soon
(CNN) -- A poll released Friday shows Rick Santorum with a comfortable lead over front-runner Mitt Romney in Saturday's Louisiana Republican primary, but he was in a mess over remarks he made about President Obama, which his rivals seized on.
Santorum said Thursday, "We might as well stay with what we have" in the White House when comparing Romney to President Barack Obama.
An American Research Group poll conducted between Tuesday and Thursday showed Santorum leading Romney by a 43% to 27% margin. Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich had 20%, and Rep. Ron Paul had 6%.
Santorum's statement Thursday sought to get more mileage from a Romney adviser's comments that to shift from the Republican primary to the general election was like shaking an Etch A Sketch toy, which his rivals were using to challenge Romney's conservative convictions.
At an event in San Antonio, Santorum said, "You win by giving people the opportunity to see a different vision for our country, not someone who is just going to be a little different than the person in there. If they're going to be a little different, we may as well stay with what we have instead of taking a risk in what may be the Etch A Sketch candidate for the future."
Santorum's rival campaigns seized on the remark.
Rich Beeson, Romney's political director, said Santorum is "becoming the most valuable player on President Obama's team."
At an event in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, on Friday, Gingrich said, "I obviously have a lot of disagreements with Gov. Romney, but I think that to suggest that a Romney presidency would not be dramatically better for any conservative than an Obama presidency is just plain wrong. Just take the issue of Supreme Court justices, and the difference between the people that a Gov. Romney would pick and the people that a President Obama would pick is night and day. It's a 180-degree difference.
"I hope Santorum is going to clarify it today, because it was clearly a major mistake, and it is a dangerous signal to send."
Santorum spokeswoman Alice Stewart started the clarification early Friday on CNN's "Starting Point," saying the former Pennsylvania senator was referring to voters who might not see the difference between the visions of Romney and the president, including their stances on health care, government spending and the Wall Street bailouts.
"What we need in order for the GOP to win is, we need to have a choice. We need to see a clear vision that is different from what we currently have," Stewart said. "And with Mitt Romney, it's the same vision, and it's one that's not the right direction for this country. And he was worried that voters would have that feeling."
Santorum later blamed Romney's campaign for distorting what he said, telling reporters at a rally in West Monroe, Louisiana, "You guys should do some real reporting and not what Gov. Romney feeds you."
"I have said repeatedly I will vote for whoever the Republican nominee is and I will work for them. Barack Obama is a disaster, but we can't have someone who agrees with him on some of the biggest issues of the day, and that is the problem with Gov. Romney: He doesn't provide the clear choice we need," Santorum said.
But Gingrich said, "I'm often cheerful about bashing the media. I don't think the media said that. I think it was Santorum who said it. So it's a little tricky for him to attack them for reporting what he said. I'm pretty sure the videotape shows him saying it."
Romney saved most of his fire for Obama, using the second anniversary of the signing of the president's health care reform plan.
At his first of two campaign events in Louisiana before Saturday's primary, Romney methodically picked apart "Obamacare," blaming the president for stifling economic growth with a law that he said most people want to repeal.
"You'll note the White House is not celebrating Obamacare today," Romney told a small audience inside a New Orleans-area mall, where teenagers were filing past to catch a morning screening of "The Hunger Games."
"They don't have any big ceremony going on," he said. "The president is not giving speeches on Obamacare, and that's for a reason. Most Americans want to get rid of it, and we're among those Americans. I want to get rid of it, too."
Romney said he will sign an executive order on the first day of his administration giving states the ability to opt out of the Obama health care law.
Vice President Joe Biden went after the Republican field over Medicare in a campaign speech before an audience of retirees in Coconut Creek, Florida. "If the Republicans in Congress and their Amen Corner of Romney, Santorum and Gingrich -- if any one of them get their hands on the White House, the keys of the White House, I promise you, you will see Medicare ended as we know it.
"And it is not just about what they want to do to Medicare; it is about the other benefits for seniors that they want to undo."
Romney's lead in a national tracking poll grew to its largest margin in weeks.
The Gallup Poll showed that Romney was supported by 40% of registered Republicans nationwide, with Santorum second at 26%.
Romney's total is the highest point for any candidate since the daily survey began measuring support in early November. It represents a 6-point increase since Tuesday, the same day he won the Illinois primary. Santorum dropped 4 points in the same period. The poll was conducted between Sunday and Thursday.
Gingrich remained relatively steady at 14%, while Paul had a slight decline to 8%.
All four candidates were campaigning Friday in Louisiana, where 20 delegates are at stake.
Gingrich has spent most of the week campaigning there, hoping to regain the strength he once had in the South.
Gingrich stopped Romney's early momentum by winning in South Carolina in January. He also won in Georgia, which he represented in Congress for two decades, on Super Tuesday, but Santorum won contests in Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi.
But no matter how he finishes in Louisiana, Gingrich shows no signs of ending his campaign, telling CNN's Piers Morgan that "I'm staying in the race because I believe we ought to have a conservative who's serious, who's had national achievements and who doesn't write his policy on an Etch A Sketch and zig-zag back and forth wildly."
"There may be a morning Gov. Romney has a majority of the delegates," he said. "That morning isn't here."
Romney has 562 delegates, according to CNN estimates, nearly half the 1,144 delegates necessary to clinch the GOP nomination. Santorum has 249 delegates, Gingrich has 137 and Paul has 71.
CNN's Peter Hamby, Michael Pearson, Gabriella Schwarz and Gregory Wallace contributed to this report.
Are you thinking about getting a new home for yourself? Are you tired of being in the city and wants to stay in a quiet and beautiful suburb? If you are ready to start living your life now, begin by looking for affordable and good condominiums in Logan, Utah. You might wonder why condominium should be the kind of place to choose. Condominium is actually similar to apartment, only you don?t have to pay monthly rentals because you own it as a property. There are many Logan Utah Condos that you can choose from. You can find different condominium units for sale and for lease and their prices depend on how big the unit is. One advantage that condos have over apartments and real estate houses is that you can be sure of your safety because you live in a gated community. There is always security guard assigned at the door of condominiums 24 hours a day and 7 days a week.
In case you?re looking for some available condominium for sale, you might want to start looking on the internet first. There are many real estate companies online that can give you information about some Logan Foreclosures. By searching online, you can get some idea about buying your own unit and information about Logan foreclosure laws. You may also do some search on other real estate for sale. Another good thing about browsing for real estate online is that you can also get some ideas in case you have a property that you want to sell. You may also do some research on how to invest on real estate. Moreover, most real estate companies indicate their contact numbers in case you want to speak to one of their representatives. So if you dream of having your own place, start looking for a condominium for sale immediately.
If you car is like mine, and I believe most cars are now being made this way, a light pops up letting me know it?s time to be serviced.
I then call my dealer/mechanic to make an appointment for my vehicle.
All homes could use a TUNE UP warning sign too.
This automatic warning helps me keep my car in tip-top shape.?
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Wouldn?t it be great if homes also had a tune up button? This way, we would be informed about what is wearing out and what needs to be repaired or replaced. Most homeowners, since they live in their home day in and day out, get used to all the wear and tear in their house and when the time comes to sell, they are not able to identify all that needs to be done before their house goes on the market.
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Yes, it would be wonderful if all homes came with this kind of warning system. But, I have good news for home sellers. A professional home stager can identify all that needs to be done to prepare your home for the market. She/he will create a complete To Do List tailored to the needs of your home.?
Exterior Paint ? Take a closer look. Paint if the existing paint is tired or flaking off. Fresh paint is the best facelift for ALL homes.
Fence ? Check the condition and make the necessary repairs.
Pathways and stairs ? Power wash to remove moss and dirt.
House number ? The house number should be visible for the homebuyers.
Garden ? Fresh mulch and seasonal flowers make a HUGE impact; please don?t cut back here.
Replace all exterior and interior burned out light bulbs.
Running toilets and worn out toilet seats are not cool.
Re-grout tile and around the bathtubs and sinks.
Leaky faucets should be repaired or replaced.
Replace any missing outlet covers.
Tackle sticky drawers, squeaky doors and missing knobs and pulls.
Replace worn carpet and shampoo the dirty ones.
Fix holes in the interior and paint the walls and trim.
Replace any broken glass/windows.
Refinish the wood floors. Homebuyers LOVE wood floors in great condition.
Take down broken blinds or tired and saggy curtains.
Re-stain or paint cabinets in the kitchen and bathrooms.
We love energy saving light bulbs, but for homes FOR SALE, we recommend regular light bulbs. Light sells homes.
Clean out your attic and discard any items no longer needed.
All appliances, including the garbage disposal, should be running and working well.
Ask your realtor or home stager if it is necessary for you to repair or replace the roof; if old, it may not pass the inspection.?
Fireplaces and chimneys should be cleaned.?
Keep in mind that this is a general list and a good place to start getting your home ready for the market and home bueyrs. If home sellers take the time and address these projects before their homes go on the market, they will ensure that they get the most money for their homes. Homebuyers will use the inspection list to bargain down the price.?
Give your home a proper tune up and make it ready for the homebuyers. The results will SHOUT OUT to the homebuyers that this home is loved and taken care of. Like cars, people want to purchase homes in great condition.?
Computer simulations have revealed a plausible explanation for a phenomenon that has puzzled astronomers: Rather than occupying orbits at regular distances from a star, giant gas planets similar to Jupiter and Saturn appear to prefer to occupy certain regions in mature solar systems while staying clear of others.
"Our results show that the final distribution of planets does not vary smoothly with distance from the star, but instead has clear 'deserts' ? deficits of planets ? and 'pile-ups' of planets at particular locations," said Ilaria Pascucci, an assistant professor at the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory.
"Our models offer a plausible explanation for the pile-ups of giant planets observed recently detected in exoplanet surveys," said Richard Alexander of the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom.
Alexander and Pascucci identified high-energy radiation from baby sun-like stars as the likely force that carves gaps in protoplanetary disks, the clouds of gas and dust that swirl around young stars and provide the raw materials for planets. The gaps then act as barricades, corralling planets into certain orbits.
The exact locations of those gaps depend on the planets' mass, but they generally occur in an area between 1 and 2 astronomical units from the star. One astronomical unit, or AU, marks the average distance from the Earth to the sun. The findings are to be published in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
According to conventional wisdom, a solar system starts out from a cloud of gas and dust. At the center of the prospective solar system, material clumps together, forming a young star. As the baby star grows, its gravitational force grows as well, and it attracts dust and gas from the surrounding cloud.
Accelerated by the growing gravitation of its star, the cloud spins faster and faster, and eventually flattens into what is called a protoplanetary disk. Once the bulk of the star's mass has formed, it is still fed material by its protoplanetary disk, but at a much lower rate.
"For a long time, it was assumed that the process of accreting material from the disk onto the star was enough to explain the thinning of the protoplanetary disk over time," Pascucci explained. "Our new results suggest that there is another process at work that takes material out of the disk."
That process, called photo-evaporation, works by high-energy photons streaming out of the star and heating the dust and gas on the surface of the protoplanetary disk.
"The disk material that is very close to the star is very hot, but it is held in place by the star's strong gravity," Alexander said. "Further out in the disk where gravity is much weaker, the heated gas evaporates into space."
Even further out in the disk, the radiation emanating from the star is not intense enough to heat the gas sufficiently to cause much evaporation. But at a distance between 1 and 2 AU, the balancing effects of gravitation and heat clear a gap, the researchers found.
While studying protoplanetary disks, Pascucci found that gas on the surface of the disk was gravitationally unbound and leaving the disk system via photoevaporation, as Alexander had previously predicted. "These were the first observations proving that photoevaporation does occur in real systems," she said.
Encouraged by those findings, Alexander and Pascucci then used the ALICE High Performance Computing Facility at the University of Leicester to simulate protoplanetary discs undergoing accretion of material to the central star that took the effects of photo-evaporation into account.
"We don't yet know exactly where and when planets form around young stars, so our models considered developing solar systems with various combinations of giant planets at different locations and different stages in time," Alexander said.
The experiments revealed that just as observations of real solar systems have shown, giant planets migrate inward before they finally settle on a stable orbit around their star. This happens because as the star draws in material from the protoplanetary disk, the planets are dragged along, like a celebrity caught in a crowd of fans.
However, the researchers discovered that once a giant planet encounters a gap cleared by photo-evaporation, it stays put.
"The planets either stop right before or behind the gap, creating a pile-up," Pascucci said. "The local concentration of planets leaves behind regions elsewhere in the disk that are devoid of any planets. This uneven distribution is exactly what we see in many newly discovered solar systems."
Once surveys for discovering extrasolar planet systems such as the Kepler Space Telescope project become more sensitive to outer giant planets, Alexander and Pascucci expect to find more and more evidence for the pileup of giant planets around 1 AU.
Pascucci said. "As we discover more exoplanets, we will be able to test these predictions in detail and learn more about the conditions under which planets form."
###
University of Arizona: http://uanews.org
Thanks to University of Arizona for this article.
This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.
The sensation of running a car can be extremely overwhelming. The feeling is usually a lot more intense if the person owns a luxury car. Purchasing of an auto is usually the enjoyment part, however the maintenance is the tough and the boring part. No matter how expensive or how luxurious the car maybe, it?d still need regular maintenance. To be frank maintenance is a very broad segment to which many conditions fall.
Regular repair of the vehicle would mean checking up the engine oil, brake fluid, coolant etc. all the time. However any repairing done around the car also qualifies as maintenance. The city of Nevada is recognized for its money and glamour, thus there aren?t any doubts which the city has probably the most exquisite marvels within the automobiles industry. So as mentioned earlier, all cars require. Even if you?re visiting Vegas auto repair is necessary for you too because without the car is not going to be as durable as it?s meant to.
There are several those who are very obsessed with their cars and as a result there is a garage of their own. The garage takes care of all the minor issues and therefore one do not need to consider the car for auto repair each and every time on the service center. But it doesn?t matter how passionate you maybe, no person would choose to take the slightest chances with regards to their luxury cars. There are various brands that can come up on the subject of luxury cars or cars for general purposes.
BMW is among the leading car companies on the planet. Having this kind of articulate little bit of automotive perfection within your garage, you should certainly not want any small-time mechanic to put their practical your BMW. In fact, you wouldn?t desire to take a try at your Las Vegas BMW dealer neither. Thus the more option would be to drive down to any auto repair center and acquire the task done. This is because simple, the top that can be done for ones car is provide it with specialist help. To suit your needs BMW repair, Vegas is loaded with lots of outlets to obtain the maintenance and repairing done.
Considering the variety of options around one even actually reaches pick from different perspectives. As an example you are able to decide on the gap perspective, i.e. choose an automobile mechanic shop that?s next to your home of residence. If you believe any shop is charging more(a) they must, you can attempt out other outlets and acquire a reliable deal for ones car or else you can make a Las Vegas auto repair center like several Imports Auto Service masters in repairing BMW cars.
So to get a place like Sin city auto repair can be obtained effortlessly then one don?t need to concern yourself with regular maintenance or any sorts of repairing linked to the auto. All you need to do is defined a consultation and take your vehicle over; others is finished by them.
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This entry was posted in finance and tagged Auto Repair Las Vegas. Bookmark the permalink.
With tools and knowledge you can make many dream projects around your home become reality. This article is packed with helpful tips and advice about how to make the most of the potential projects around your home. Read each tip to learn how to turn potential into reality in your home. You can find out more about home improvement tips through learning more about irobot roomba 530 review now.
Consider replacing the front door to the home if it is looking outdated. If the door is in good shape but the door knob is getting flimsy, install a new one. This is the first thing that a potential buyer is going to see so you want to make sure that it looks as good as possible.
When doing home improvements in the bathroom, make sure you use the proper caulking for the job at hand. If you do not use water proof caulking and only use water resistant caulking, you are headed for disaster. Water will seep in and rot the material leading to an expensive repair.
Installing new lighting fixtures is a great investment. Dark or dim rooms can seem smaller and depressing. Simply installing additional lighting can give new life to a room. A bright kitchen not only makes it easier to cook, but can liven the whole house, and a well lit bathroom can seem much larger than it really is.
Stairs can be a great addition to a home, but they can also be dangerous. Consider putting carpeting on your stairs to prevent any accidents. Going up and down the stairs in socks can be a neck-breaking accident if one slips on the wooden staircase. Try to look at different carpet or rug designs that may look good on your stairs.
Look for stores that can provide inexpensive storage for built in closet projects. You can save money by installing it yourself instead of paying a contractor to create a closet system. Many times, the quality will be very similar to a paid professional. However, you can get it done yourself in a faster amount of time, if you can follow instructions.
When it comes to home improvement, never allow a contractor to begin work without having a signed contract first. This is important to ensure that you receive the work that was signed for and have a legal contract to assist you if things do not go according to plan. Be specific and consult with an attorney, if needed.
Make sure you accentuate your home?s selling points. Do not block any of the windows that are overlooking a pond or take down the canopy to show off the tiered ceiling in the master suite. Whatever the case may be, you want to enhance the selling points. By doing this your potential buyer will see the things that make your home special and desirable.
For a beautiful addition to your home, consider turning two windows that are close together into sliding glass or french doors. With glass doors, you are allowing the light to come in as well as the beauty of the world outside your door. Being able to look out at nature while having your first cup of coffee will make the investment worthwhile.
When planning a home renovation with your contractor, be honest about your budget. While many homeowners fear that they will get ripped off by a contractor if it is known how much money they have to spend, the reality is that being honest will get you better results. The contractor is free to budget for better work and higher-quality materials if they know your true cost ceiling.
If you notice that your toilet is clogged the first thing you should do is to try to unclog it with a plunger. There is no need to call a plumber without first trying to unclog the toilet yourself. You can typically plunge out any clog if you try a few times.
Looking to start a repair or renovation project in your home? Make sure you check out your local home improvement store for ideas and classes to learn how to do everything from replacing a pane of glass to cutting and laying tile. Most of the huge home improvement stores offer a list of free classes available along with several times to catch the class. Bring a notebook and digital camera to record the lessons step-by-step and as an added benefit, most of the classes are conducted by store personnel who are happy to give further assistance once you dig into your project.
Make sure that you make a realistic budget before you start making any improvements to your home and you do your best to stick to the budget. While there are many factors that can make things cost a bit more than expected, you should not be spending thousands of dollars more than you can afford.
{Major home improvements to a property such as erecting a garage or installing a pool may require permits and permission from your local Council before the work is commenced. If you are not sure of the local regulations or are planning on undertaking structural changes to the property, hire a professional to assist you to avoid costly mistakes or fines at a later date.
}Home improvement can be enjoyable and satisfying. If you take your time and apply some of the suggestions above, you will have fun while at the same time you will be adding value to your property. It?s a win-win situation! Click here to learn the secrets of about bread machine reviews today.
Today's marketplace provides countless blessings with prospective house customers. Low interest rates, low housing costs, buy bonuses plus more make today an perfect time to buy a house, specifically for those which don't have a lot of funds with put toward a down payment or monthly lending payment.
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MIT research: The power of being heardPublic release date: 15-Mar-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Caroline McCall cmccall5@mit.edu Massachusetts Institute of Technology
When it comes to intergroup conflict, the group with less power benefits more from sharing its perspective
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. -- To help promote peace in the Middle East, many organizations have established "peace camps" or similar conflict-resolution programs that bring Israelis and Palestinians together to foster greater understanding of the opposing group.
One common feature of such programs is the opportunity for members of each group to share stories about their lives with members of the other group. Now, a new study from MIT neuroscientists shows that the benefits from this exchange are much greater when members of the less empowered group share their stories with the traditionally dominant group than when the reverse occurs.
The finding, published online in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, supports the idea that for the disempowered group, the biggest barrier to reconciliation is the belief that their concerns are being ignored, says Rebecca Saxe, senior author of the study.
"If that sense of being neglected and disregarded and taken advantage of is the biggest obstacle to progress, from their perspective, then you can partly address that by providing an experience of being heard," says Saxe, an associate professor of brain and cognitive sciences and associate member of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT.
The researchers found the same phenomenon in a similar study of Mexican immigrants and white Arizonans, which is also described in the new paper.
Sharing perspectives
Many previous studies have documented the benefits of "perspective taking" that is, making an effort to understand another person's experiences and point of view. However, this is the first study to look at the other side of that exchange, which lead author Emile Bruneau dubbed "perspective giving" the opportunity to share one's own story with someone else.
Bruneau, an MIT postdoc who volunteered as a counselor at peace camps in Northern Ireland before earning his PhD, says interviews with camp participants suggested to him that the less empowered group would benefit more from perspective giving than perspective taking.
To test this hypothesis, Palestinians and Israelis, and Mexican immigrants and white Arizonans, were recruited for what they were told was a study of an online translation system. The Arizona study took place six months after the passage of a controversial anti-immigration bill, while the Middle East study was conducted six months after the 2009 Israeli military action in Gaza, when hope for a peace agreement was very low.
Each participant was assigned to write about the difficulties of life in their society, or to read and summarize such an essay written by a member of the opposing group. All interactions took place through video and text-based chat. Each participant was paired with someone who, unbeknownst to the subject, was actually a research assistant.
In a questionnaire given before and after the interaction, attitudes toward the opposing group improved most among members of the disempowered group who told their own stories, and among members of the dominant group who read others' stories.
When members of the less powerful group simply wrote their stories without having anyone from the opposing group read them, this did not boost their attitudes towards the other group reinforcing the importance of being heard.
For the dominant group, the researchers believe that hearing the opposing group's stories is beneficial because members of the group in power often fear being blamed for the conflict. Therefore, listening gives "an opportunity for them to act virtuously and morally and to show that they're actually good people," Saxe says.
However, the researchers do not recommend adopting a one-sided approach in which the disempowered group does all the talking. Instead, they believe their findings suggest it is important to ensure that both groups speak equally; studies of dialogue programs have shown that the dominant group often ends up doing more of the talking. The researchers believe it could also help for members of the disempowered group to speak first, priming both groups to be more receptive to the unity-building activities that follow.
Meaningful change
When the researchers questioned the subjects again a week after the initial exchange, they found that attitudes had reverted to pre-experiment levels. "We didn't expect that the effects of a 15-minute intervention with Palestinians and Israelis would last very long," Bruneau says. "But of course what we're interested in is improving relationships between groups in conflict. To really do that, you need to know the long-term effects of an intervention that you're trying to employ."
That's a question that Saxe and Bruneau are now trying to address by studying which types of attitude changes are most likely to last during a conflict. For example, a program that decreases the perception that the other side is biased and irrational might prove more successful than one designed to improve trust, Bruneau says.
"There are all kinds of different things that could change, including prejudice, trust, empathy and commitment to collective action. Trying to understand which of these are desirable, which of these are meaningful, I think is really important," he says.
To help with that effort, Saxe and Bruneau are also investigating the use of brain-scanning techniques such as fMRI to determine whether conflict-resolution programs have any measurable impact on brain activity. As the first step in that program, they reported in January that brain regions that respond to emotional suffering overlap with those involved with the ability to perceive what another person is thinking.
###
Written by Anne Trafton, MIT News Office
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
MIT research: The power of being heardPublic release date: 15-Mar-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Caroline McCall cmccall5@mit.edu Massachusetts Institute of Technology
When it comes to intergroup conflict, the group with less power benefits more from sharing its perspective
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. -- To help promote peace in the Middle East, many organizations have established "peace camps" or similar conflict-resolution programs that bring Israelis and Palestinians together to foster greater understanding of the opposing group.
One common feature of such programs is the opportunity for members of each group to share stories about their lives with members of the other group. Now, a new study from MIT neuroscientists shows that the benefits from this exchange are much greater when members of the less empowered group share their stories with the traditionally dominant group than when the reverse occurs.
The finding, published online in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, supports the idea that for the disempowered group, the biggest barrier to reconciliation is the belief that their concerns are being ignored, says Rebecca Saxe, senior author of the study.
"If that sense of being neglected and disregarded and taken advantage of is the biggest obstacle to progress, from their perspective, then you can partly address that by providing an experience of being heard," says Saxe, an associate professor of brain and cognitive sciences and associate member of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT.
The researchers found the same phenomenon in a similar study of Mexican immigrants and white Arizonans, which is also described in the new paper.
Sharing perspectives
Many previous studies have documented the benefits of "perspective taking" that is, making an effort to understand another person's experiences and point of view. However, this is the first study to look at the other side of that exchange, which lead author Emile Bruneau dubbed "perspective giving" the opportunity to share one's own story with someone else.
Bruneau, an MIT postdoc who volunteered as a counselor at peace camps in Northern Ireland before earning his PhD, says interviews with camp participants suggested to him that the less empowered group would benefit more from perspective giving than perspective taking.
To test this hypothesis, Palestinians and Israelis, and Mexican immigrants and white Arizonans, were recruited for what they were told was a study of an online translation system. The Arizona study took place six months after the passage of a controversial anti-immigration bill, while the Middle East study was conducted six months after the 2009 Israeli military action in Gaza, when hope for a peace agreement was very low.
Each participant was assigned to write about the difficulties of life in their society, or to read and summarize such an essay written by a member of the opposing group. All interactions took place through video and text-based chat. Each participant was paired with someone who, unbeknownst to the subject, was actually a research assistant.
In a questionnaire given before and after the interaction, attitudes toward the opposing group improved most among members of the disempowered group who told their own stories, and among members of the dominant group who read others' stories.
When members of the less powerful group simply wrote their stories without having anyone from the opposing group read them, this did not boost their attitudes towards the other group reinforcing the importance of being heard.
For the dominant group, the researchers believe that hearing the opposing group's stories is beneficial because members of the group in power often fear being blamed for the conflict. Therefore, listening gives "an opportunity for them to act virtuously and morally and to show that they're actually good people," Saxe says.
However, the researchers do not recommend adopting a one-sided approach in which the disempowered group does all the talking. Instead, they believe their findings suggest it is important to ensure that both groups speak equally; studies of dialogue programs have shown that the dominant group often ends up doing more of the talking. The researchers believe it could also help for members of the disempowered group to speak first, priming both groups to be more receptive to the unity-building activities that follow.
Meaningful change
When the researchers questioned the subjects again a week after the initial exchange, they found that attitudes had reverted to pre-experiment levels. "We didn't expect that the effects of a 15-minute intervention with Palestinians and Israelis would last very long," Bruneau says. "But of course what we're interested in is improving relationships between groups in conflict. To really do that, you need to know the long-term effects of an intervention that you're trying to employ."
That's a question that Saxe and Bruneau are now trying to address by studying which types of attitude changes are most likely to last during a conflict. For example, a program that decreases the perception that the other side is biased and irrational might prove more successful than one designed to improve trust, Bruneau says.
"There are all kinds of different things that could change, including prejudice, trust, empathy and commitment to collective action. Trying to understand which of these are desirable, which of these are meaningful, I think is really important," he says.
To help with that effort, Saxe and Bruneau are also investigating the use of brain-scanning techniques such as fMRI to determine whether conflict-resolution programs have any measurable impact on brain activity. As the first step in that program, they reported in January that brain regions that respond to emotional suffering overlap with those involved with the ability to perceive what another person is thinking.
###
Written by Anne Trafton, MIT News Office
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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Public release date: 15-Mar-2012
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